{ "title": "Discrimination in sport research evidence", "version": "1.0", "research_date": "2026-11-08", "scope": "Five sports with official and first-party institutional sources. Statistics have different denominators and must not be pooled as population prevalence.", "data_dictionary": { "facts": "One published finding per record. value is the source-reported value; unit, population, period and denominator define it. Caveats must accompany reuse.", "testimonies": "Previously published first-person athlete accounts, not newly conducted interviews.", "videos": "Official links with verification level, captions and reuse notes. Metadata verification does not establish full playback or transcript review.", "sources": "Stable source IDs link each claim, quotation and video to its publisher and URL. Dates are preserved as supplied." }, "sports": [ { "sport": "Association football", "scope_note": "Evidence covers selected elite tournaments, English grassroots disciplinary records and athletes' personal accounts. None measures the percentage of all young footballers experiencing discrimination worldwide.", "sources": [ { "id": "FB-S01", "title": "FIFA and FIFPRO release report", "organisation": "ASEAN Football Federation, reproducing FIFA/FIFPRO findings", "url": "https://www.aseanfootball.org/v3/fifa-and-fifpro-release-report/", "published_date": "2023-12-11", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official regional federation publication of governing-body research", "methodology": "Tournament social-media monitoring using AI and human review; 5.1 million posts/comments in 35 languages.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "" }, { "id": "FB-S02", "title": "FIFA Social Media Protection Service Women’s World Cup 2023 Full Tournament Analysis", "organisation": "FIFA/FIFPRO; official copy hosted by ASEAN Football Federation", "url": "https://www.aseanfootball.org/v3/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/FIFA-SMPS-Threat-Matrix-Tournament-Report-Public-Dec-2023-v7.pdf", "published_date": "2023-12", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Primary monitoring report", "methodology": "Public account monitoring and opt-in moderation across five platforms. AI-flagged content receives human review. Moderated content includes spam; this is separate from verified abusive content.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "", "relevant_pages": "3, 4, 12, 14, 16, 17" }, { "id": "FB-S03", "title": "Online Abuse", "organisation": "Professional Footballers’ Association", "url": "https://www.thepfa.com/players/equalities/online-abuse", "published_date": "Undated page describing 2020 study", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Players’ union publication of commissioned research", "methodology": "Six-week 2020 Project Restart pilot: 825,515 public tweets directed to 44 selected high-profile current/former players; non-random sample.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "" }, { "id": "FB-S04", "title": "FIFA and FIFPRO reaffirm commitment to tackling online abuse", "organisation": "FIFPRO", "url": "https://www.fifpro.org/en/articles/2023/06/fifa-and-fifpro-reaffirm-commitment-to-tackling-online-abuse", "published_date": "2023-06-18", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Primary joint monitoring report release", "methodology": "Over 20 million posts/comments scanned across five platforms at Qatar 2022; AI flags followed by two layers of human analysis.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "" }, { "id": "FB-S05", "title": "Annual Grassroots Discipline Review 2024/25", "organisation": "The Football Association", "url": "https://www.thefa.com/-/media/thefacom-new/files/rules-and-regulations/2025-26/annual-grassroots-discipline-review-2024-25.ashx", "published_date": "2025-12-09", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Governing-body administrative report", "methodology": "Recorded allegations in England: men Step 5 and below, women Tier 3 and below, adult and junior football. Allegations, charges and findings differ; unresolved cases remain.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "", "relevant_pages": "10, 11, 12, 15", "verification_note": "Report search extracts verified; full file exceeds web retrieval size limit. Official accompanying article verified separately." }, { "id": "FB-S06", "title": "Annual Grassroots Discipline Review for the 2024-25 season published", "organisation": "The Football Association", "url": "https://www.thefa.com/news/2025/dec/09/annual-discipline-review", "published_date": "2025-12-09", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official contextual explanation", "methodology": "Explains reporting and fixture denominators; growing trust/reporting can affect counts.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "" }, { "id": "FB-S07", "title": "Kellyn Acosta on the personal impact of online abuse", "organisation": "FIFPRO", "url": "https://www.fifpro.org/en/articles/2022/12/kellyn-acosta-people-dont-understand-online-abuse-takes-a-toll-on-us", "published_date": "2022-12-02", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "First-person athlete interview", "methodology": "Personal testimony; not a population survey.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "" }, { "id": "FB-S08", "title": "Christy Manzinga on racist chanting and his love for football", "organisation": "FIFPRO", "url": "https://www.fifpro.org/en/articles/2022/11/christy-manzinga-my-love-for-football-is-stronger-than-monkey-chants", "published_date": "2022-11-23", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "First-person athlete account", "methodology": "Player's account of two October 2022 matches in Hungary.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "" }, { "id": "FB-S09", "title": "Marta as motivated as ever", "organisation": "FIFA", "url": "https://inside.fifa.com/news/marta-as-motivated-as-ever-2867647", "published_date": "2017-02-19", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "First-person athlete interview", "methodology": "Retrospective interview about childhood gender discrimination and career barriers.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "" }, { "id": "FB-S10", "title": "Mark-Anthony Kaye on confronting online racial abuse", "organisation": "FIFPRO", "url": "https://www.fifpro.org/en/articles/2022/11/mark-anthony-kaye-i-know-what-hate-means", "published_date": "2022-11-09", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "First-person athlete account", "methodology": "Kaye's account following Canada–Costa Rica, 24 March 2022, and earlier experiences at LAFC.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "" }, { "id": "FB-S11", "title": "Social Media Abuse and Mark-Anthony Kaye video", "organisation": "FIFPRO", "url": "https://www.fifpro.org/en/what-we-do/workplace-safety/social-media-abuse", "published_date": "Undated", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official video landing page", "methodology": "Official page links a Vimeo interview identified by title as Mark-Anthony Kaye | #ShineALight.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "" }, { "id": "FB-S12", "title": "Justin Morrow on how responses to discrimination shape future leaders", "organisation": "FIFPRO", "url": "https://www.fifpro.org/en/articles/2026/06/justin-morrow-todays-response-to-discrimination-will-shape-the-leaders-of-tomorrow", "published_date": "2026-06-08", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Player op-ed and official embedded video", "methodology": "First-person advocacy and experience of player organising; not an independent outcome evaluation.", "evidence_excerpt_for_verification": "" }, { "id": "FB-S13", "title": "2025–26 Grassroots Behaviour and Discipline Report", "organisation": "The Football Association", "url": "https://www.thefa.com/-/media/thefacom-new/files/rules-and-regulations/2026-27/300926/2025-26-grassroots-behaviour-and-discipline-report.ashx", "published_date": "2026-10-01", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Primary governing-body administrative report", "methodology": "Recorded cases in England: men Step 5 and below, women Tier 3 and below; adult and youth football. Allegations differ from charges and findings. Some cases unresolved at report cut-off. Counts reflect reporting and do not establish population prevalence.", "relevant_pages": "20, 21, 22, 26", "verification_note": "Official 18,545,890-byte PDF downloaded directly. Extracted text and rendered pages inspected; original local evidence at /workspace/scratch/a54f3929655f/fa_2025_26.pdf." }, { "id": "FB-S14", "title": "The FA’s 2025–26 Grassroots Behaviour and Discipline Report has been published", "organisation": "The Football Association", "url": "https://www.thefa.com/news/2026/oct/01/annual-grassroots-behaviour-and-discipline-report-published-20260110", "published_date": "2026-10-01", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official report release", "methodology": "Confirms publication date and scope. Its stated +0.40 reports per 1,000 fixtures differs from PDF +0.41; avoid presenting the disputed change without explaining this difference." } ], "facts": [ { "id": "FB-F01", "claim": "152 players received targeted discriminatory, abusive or threatening messaging; the official release describes this as one in five.", "value": "152; approximately 1 in 5", "unit": "players", "population": "Women’s World Cup participants", "geography": "Global online audience; Australia/New Zealand tournament", "period": "2023 tournament", "sample_denominator": "152 targeted players; report refers to 697 monitored players on p6 but players and coaches on p4. Player-only denominator not independently reconciled.", "measurement_type": "Detected targeting", "source_ids": [ "FB-S01" ], "caveat": "Official source says approximately one in five. Do not recalculate using all tournament players or treat this as youth prevalence.", "website_use": "Headline with tournament/year displayed" }, { "id": "FB-F02", "claim": "Homophobic, sexual and sexist messages made up almost half of detected abuse.", "value": "Almost 50", "unit": "percent", "population": "Verified abusive messages", "geography": "Global social media", "period": "Women’s World Cup 2023", "sample_denominator": "Detected verified abuse", "measurement_type": "Content composition", "source_ids": [ "FB-S02" ], "caveat": "Share of abusive content, not share of athletes.", "website_use": "Gender and sexuality theme" }, { "id": "FB-F03", "claim": "7,085 posts/comments were verified as abusive and reported to platforms.", "value": 7085, "unit": "posts/comments", "population": "Monitored public content", "geography": "Global social media", "period": "Women’s World Cup 2023", "sample_denominator": "5.1 million analysed posts/comments", "measurement_type": "Content count", "source_ids": [ "FB-S02" ], "caveat": "Not distinct victims; includes multiple abuse types.", "website_use": "Explain verification versus automatic flagging" }, { "id": "FB-F04", "claim": "The moderation service hid 116,820 comments.", "value": 116820, "unit": "comments", "population": "Opted-in player/coach/team accounts", "geography": "Instagram, Facebook, YouTube", "period": "Women’s World Cup 2023", "sample_denominator": "1.3 million moderation comments", "measurement_type": "Moderation activity", "source_ids": [ "FB-S02" ], "caveat": "Includes junk and spam; never label all as discrimination.", "website_use": "Example of institutional protection" }, { "id": "FB-F05", "claim": "43% of Premier League players in the selected pilot experienced explicitly racist targeting.", "value": 43, "unit": "percent", "population": "Selected Premier League subgroup", "geography": "English football; global Twitter users", "period": "Six-week Project Restart 2020", "sample_denominator": "Premier League subgroup of 44 selected players; subgroup size not given on page", "measurement_type": "Sample-specific detected targeting", "source_ids": [ "FB-S03" ], "caveat": "Not representative of all Premier League or grassroots players.", "website_use": "Historical sample only" }, { "id": "FB-F06", "claim": "Racism accounted for 56% of identified discriminatory abuse.", "value": 56, "unit": "percent", "population": "Discriminatory tweets in pilot", "geography": "Twitter", "period": "Project Restart 2020", "sample_denominator": "Discriminatory subset of 825,515 analysed tweets", "measurement_type": "Content composition", "source_ids": [ "FB-S03" ], "caveat": "Not 56% of all tweets.", "website_use": "Explain discriminatory subcategories" }, { "id": "FB-F07", "claim": "Emoji were used in 29% of racially abusive posts.", "value": 29, "unit": "percent", "population": "Racially abusive pilot tweets", "geography": "Twitter", "period": "Project Restart 2020", "sample_denominator": "Racially abusive subset", "measurement_type": "Content format", "source_ids": [ "FB-S03" ], "caveat": "Context matters; emoji alone are not automatically abuse.", "website_use": "Digital literacy scenario" }, { "id": "FB-F08", "claim": "The service confirmed 19,636 abusive, discriminatory or threatening posts/comments.", "value": 19636, "unit": "posts/comments", "population": "Monitored Qatar 2022 content", "geography": "Global; five platforms", "period": "2022 men’s World Cup", "sample_denominator": "Over 20 million scanned posts/comments", "measurement_type": "AI flagging plus human verification", "source_ids": [ "FB-S04" ], "caveat": "Combined abuse category, not exclusively discriminatory content or unique people.", "website_use": "Men’s tournament evidence" }, { "id": "FB-F09", "claim": "1,021 serious-case allegations referenced ethnicity, race or colour.", "value": 1021, "unit": "allegations", "population": "FA grassroots disciplinary records", "geography": "England", "period": "2024/25", "sample_denominator": "0.82 allegations per 1,000 fixtures", "measurement_type": "Administrative allegations", "source_ids": [ "FB-S05", "FB-S06" ], "caveat": "Allegations are not proven findings or total prevalence.", "website_use": "Grassroots context" }, { "id": "FB-F10", "claim": "738 serious-case allegations referenced sexual orientation.", "value": 738, "unit": "allegations", "population": "FA grassroots disciplinary records", "geography": "England", "period": "2024/25", "sample_denominator": "0.59 per 1,000 fixtures", "measurement_type": "Administrative allegations", "source_ids": [ "FB-S05" ], "caveat": "Reported cases only.", "website_use": "LGBTQ inclusion" }, { "id": "FB-F11", "claim": "418 serious-case allegations referenced disability.", "value": 418, "unit": "allegations", "population": "FA grassroots disciplinary records", "geography": "England", "period": "2024/25", "sample_denominator": "0.34 per 1,000 fixtures", "measurement_type": "Administrative allegations", "source_ids": [ "FB-S05" ], "caveat": "Reported cases only.", "website_use": "Ableism inclusion" }, { "id": "FB-F12", "claim": "39 serious-case allegations referenced religion, compared with 66 the previous season.", "value": 39, "unit": "allegations", "population": "FA grassroots disciplinary records", "geography": "England", "period": "2024/25", "sample_denominator": "0.03 per 1,000 fixtures", "measurement_type": "Administrative allegations", "source_ids": [ "FB-S05", "FB-S06" ], "caveat": "The category includes multiple religions; not an antisemitism-only count.", "website_use": "Faith-based discrimination" }, { "id": "FB-F13", "claim": "3,358 all recorded discriminatory allegations were recorded in 2025/26.", "value": 3358, "unit": "allegations", "population": "FA adult and youth grassroots disciplinary records", "geography": "England", "period": "2025/26 season", "sample_denominator": "2.69 allegations per 1,000 fixtures; administrative count, not survey sample", "measurement_type": "Reported allegations, not proven findings", "source_ids": [ "FB-S13" ], "source_locator": "Page 20", "caveat": "Reporting behaviour and unresolved cases affect interpretation; not distinct victims or all incidents. Category totals are subsets of the all-discrimination total.", "website_use": "Current season evidence, clearly separated from 2024/25 historical figures." }, { "id": "FB-F14", "claim": "1,147 serious-case allegations referencing ethnicity, race or colour were recorded in 2025/26.", "value": 1147, "unit": "allegations", "population": "FA adult and youth grassroots disciplinary records", "geography": "England", "period": "2025/26 season", "sample_denominator": "0.92 allegations per 1,000 fixtures; administrative count, not survey sample", "measurement_type": "Reported allegations, not proven findings", "source_ids": [ "FB-S13" ], "source_locator": "Page 21", "caveat": "Reporting behaviour and unresolved cases affect interpretation; not distinct victims or all incidents. Category totals are subsets of the all-discrimination total.", "website_use": "Current season evidence, clearly separated from 2024/25 historical figures." }, { "id": "FB-F15", "claim": "999 serious-case allegations referencing sexual orientation were recorded in 2025/26.", "value": 999, "unit": "allegations", "population": "FA adult and youth grassroots disciplinary records", "geography": "England", "period": "2025/26 season", "sample_denominator": "0.80 allegations per 1,000 fixtures; administrative count, not survey sample", "measurement_type": "Reported allegations, not proven findings", "source_ids": [ "FB-S13" ], "source_locator": "Page 22", "caveat": "Reporting behaviour and unresolved cases affect interpretation; not distinct victims or all incidents. Category totals are subsets of the all-discrimination total.", "website_use": "Current season evidence, clearly separated from 2024/25 historical figures." }, { "id": "FB-F16", "claim": "56 serious-case allegations referencing religion were recorded in 2025/26.", "value": 56, "unit": "allegations", "population": "FA adult and youth grassroots disciplinary records", "geography": "England", "period": "2025/26 season", "sample_denominator": "0.04 allegations per 1,000 fixtures; administrative count, not survey sample", "measurement_type": "Reported allegations, not proven findings", "source_ids": [ "FB-S13" ], "source_locator": "Page 26", "caveat": "Reporting behaviour and unresolved cases affect interpretation; not distinct victims or all incidents. Category totals are subsets of the all-discrimination total. Religious category is not an antisemitism-only count.", "website_use": "Current season evidence, clearly separated from 2024/25 historical figures." } ], "testimonies": [ { "id": "FB-T01", "name": "Kellyn Acosta", "identity_context": "USA international footballer", "experience_summary": "Acosta discusses racist messages, attacks involving families and the emotional strain of anticipating abuse after mistakes.", "exact_quote": "As players, we're human beings.", "quote_words": 5, "source_id": "FB-S07", "why_relevant": "Separates sporting criticism from attacks on someone's humanity.", "verification_status": "Exact quote verified in official written interview; not a video transcript." }, { "id": "FB-T02", "name": "Christy Manzinga", "identity_context": "Footballer playing in Hungary in 2022", "experience_summary": "Manzinga describes racist chanting in two matches and his coach taking the team off the pitch. He describes support from teammates and the club.", "exact_quote": "This is about human rights; about respecting me for who I am.", "quote_words": 12, "source_id": "FB-S08", "why_relevant": "Shows that coaches and teams can act; the target should not carry responsibility alone.", "verification_status": "Exact quote and incident context verified in official first-person account." }, { "id": "FB-T03", "name": "Marta", "identity_context": "Brazil international footballer", "experience_summary": "Marta recalls childhood discrimination against girls who wanted to play football and the structural opportunities women still needed.", "exact_quote": "When I was a young girl I had a lot of discrimination to deal with", "quote_words": 15, "source_id": "FB-S09", "why_relevant": "Connects an elite athlete's story directly to young girls' access and belonging.", "verification_status": "Exact words verified in FIFA interview; excerpt ends before original attribution." }, { "id": "FB-T04", "name": "Mark-Anthony Kaye", "identity_context": "Canada international footballer", "experience_summary": "Kaye describes racist online messages after a World Cup qualifier and earlier harassment he initially kept from his club. He stresses the impact on players and families.", "exact_quote": "It hurts. It hurts our families.", "quote_words": 6, "source_id": "FB-S10", "why_relevant": "Useful for explaining why private support and early help matter, without pressuring victims to publish their experiences.", "verification_status": "Exact quote verified in official first-person account; source contains distressing examples." }, { "id": "FB-T05", "name": "Justin Morrow", "identity_context": "Former USA international and Black Players for Change organiser", "experience_summary": "Morrow explains why community, specialist support and player education matter when responding to discrimination.", "exact_quote": "Being subjected to racism or discrimination is an isolating experience.", "quote_words": 10, "source_id": "FB-S12", "why_relevant": "Supports a team-based response and youth leadership theme.", "verification_status": "Verified player-authored op-ed; advocacy/reflection, not a newly investigated incident." } ], "videos": [ { "id": "FB-V01", "title": "Mark-Anthony Kaye | #ShineALight", "speaker": "Mark-Anthony Kaye", "official_publisher": "FIFPRO", "url": "https://player.vimeo.com/video/1093726902?byline=0&portrait=0&transparent=0", "source_id": "FB-S11", "date": "Upload date not verified; linked written account published 2022-11-09", "duration_if_verified": null, "what_it_covers": "FIFPRO labels this interview as Kaye on social-media abuse. Pair with his documented first-person racial-abuse account FB-T04.", "verification_status": "Official landing-page embed and Vimeo title verified. Audiovisual playback/transcript not reviewed.", "captions_status": "Not verified", "timestamp_if_verified": null, "rights_note": "Link or use authorised player embed; do not download, re-edit or imply endorsement. Check playback, captions and consent settings before publication.", "landing_page": "https://www.fifpro.org/en/what-we-do/workplace-safety/social-media-abuse" }, { "id": "FB-V02", "title": "Justin Morrow: Black Players for Change", "speaker": "Justin Morrow", "official_publisher": "FIFPRO", "url": "https://player.vimeo.com/video/1108654411?byline=0&portrait=0&transparent=0", "source_id": "FB-S12", "date": "Page published 2026-06-08; video upload date not verified", "duration_if_verified": null, "what_it_covers": "Official FIFPRO video accompanying Morrow's discussion of racism, community and player-led change.", "verification_status": "Official page embed and Vimeo title verified. Audiovisual playback/transcript not reviewed.", "captions_status": "Not verified", "timestamp_if_verified": null, "rights_note": "Use official link/embed, check accessibility and permissions before publication.", "landing_page": "https://www.fifpro.org/en/articles/2026/06/justin-morrow-todays-response-to-discrimination-will-shape-the-leaders-of-tomorrow" } ], "themes": [ "Racism and racialised online abuse", "Sexism and gender-based exclusion", "Homophobic and sexual abuse", "Religious discrimination including antisemitism", "Disability-related abuse", "Reporting confidence and undercounting", "Teammates and coaches as supporters" ], "evidence_gaps": [ "No verified universal estimate for all young footballers; do not substitute elite monitoring or disciplinary records for prevalence.", "Do not use the unverified claim that 41% of all English football players experienced discrimination, or scouting probability as a discrimination statistic.", "FA religion totals do not separately quantify antisemitism and Islamophobia. The 2024/25 accompanying article mentions reduced religious allegations, especially antisemitic remarks, but does not provide separate counts.", "FIFA annual-report animated counters produced inconsistent extracted numerals; the original tournament PDF and official AFF release are used instead.", "The FIFA release's 29% comparison is omitted from headline facts: the underlying rounded content rates and the phrase player likelihood can be easily misunderstood.", "Video provenance and links are verified; full playback, captions and exact spoken timestamps need editorial review before the website publishes clips.", "Official sources can still reflect institutional interests. Personal accounts establish reported experiences, not frequency or adjudicated findings.", "Do not combine these sources into a football-wide total or rank football against other sports with incompatible methods.", "Freshness update: FA 2025/26 report published 1 October 2026 is newer than the retained 2024/25 historical counts. The new report’s all-discrimination rate change is +0.41 per 1,000 fixtures, while the launch article says +0.40; use counts/rates with the PDF page citation rather than concealing that discrepancy." ] }, { "sport": "Cricket", "scope_note": "England and Wales evidence plus first-person Australian experiences. The 2021 ICEC survey and 2025 administrative totals measure different things and cannot establish a before-and-after discrimination trend.", "sources": [ { "id": "CR-S01", "title": "Holding Up a Mirror to Cricket", "organisation": "Independent Commission for Equity in Cricket; official copy hosted by ECB", "url": "https://resources.ecb.co.uk/ecb/document/2025/05/20/59fdb23b-e1d1-40d2-8db0-5b48154aa8e4/ICEC-Report.pdf", "published_date": "2023-06", "source_type": "Independent commissioned inquiry and survey", "methodology": "Online call for evidence 9 November–21 December 2021; 4,156 responses. Findings are respondent experiences, not a probability sample of all players. Pages 14, 85, 190 and 298.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CR-S02", "title": "State of Equity in Cricket Report 2025", "organisation": "England and Wales Cricket Board", "url": "https://resources.ecb.co.uk/ecb/document/2025/11/13/82c0fae4-0a76-43fa-9f77-049fd2bbe0d1/State-of-Equity-in-Cricket-Report-2025.pdf", "published_date": "2025-11", "source_type": "Governing body progress report", "methodology": "Administrative, workforce and programme metrics; reporting volumes are not verified prevalence. Relevant pages 23 and 47.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CR-S03", "title": "Oral evidence Sport governance HC 855", "organisation": "UK Parliament, Digital Culture Media and Sport Committee", "url": "https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/3011/html/", "published_date": "2021-11-16", "source_type": "Official parliamentary transcript", "methodology": "First-person evidence given by Azeem Rafiq; testimony is attributed, not treated as a judicial finding. Questions 1–9.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CR-S04", "title": "Digital Culture Media and Sport Committee 16 November 2021", "organisation": "UK Parliament", "url": "https://parliamentlive.tv/event/index/17263424-93b9-4f72-ae8d-b585d1e32400", "published_date": "2021-11-16", "source_type": "Official parliamentary video", "methodology": "Official index identifies Rafiq at 09:33:56 and next witness at 11:19:56; full meeting 09:33–13:10.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CR-S05", "title": "Khawaja details racism in cricket calls for change", "organisation": "Cricket Australia, CA Digital Media", "url": "https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3308175", "published_date": "2020-09-15", "source_type": "Original athlete interview", "methodology": "Usman Khawaja speaking directly to cricket.com.au about stereotypes, racism and youth support.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CR-S06", "title": "Black Lives Matter Michael Holding and Ebony Rainford Brent speak about ending institutionalised racism", "organisation": "England and Wales Cricket Board; interview produced by Sky Sports", "url": "https://www.ecb.co.uk/video/1715143/black-lives-matter-holding-and-ebony-rainford-brent-speak-about-ending-institutionalised-racism", "published_date": "2020-07-08", "source_type": "Video on governing body website", "methodology": "Official ECB page identifies both former international cricketers and topic; media not independently played.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CR-S07", "title": "Christian opens up about casual racism in cricket", "organisation": "Cricket Australia, CA Digital Media", "url": "https://www.cricket.com.au/news/3307886", "published_date": "2020-09-09", "source_type": "Original official panel interview coverage", "methodology": "Dan Christian speaking in Cricket Connecting Country, commissioned by Cricket Australia.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CR-S08", "title": "I want the journey for the next Usman Khawaja to be easier", "organisation": "Cricket Australia, CA Digital Media", "url": "https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4426649/usman-khawaja-racial-stereotypes-australian-culture-changes-15-year-international-career-retirement", "published_date": "2026-01-02", "source_type": "Official press conference video and original report", "methodology": "Official page includes 49:57 full retirement press conference and attributed discussion of racial stereotypes.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CR-S09", "title": "Reporting discrimination", "organisation": "England and Wales Cricket Board", "url": "https://www.ecb.co.uk/about/edi/report-discrimination", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official reporting guidance", "methodology": "England and Wales; reporting anonymously is offered; under-16s directed to a parent or carer for form completion.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CR-S10", "title": "Share a concern", "organisation": "Cricket Regulator", "url": "https://www.cricketregulator.co.uk/share-a-concern", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official reporting route", "methodology": "Separate links for discrimination and safeguarding; direct users to the current official form.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CR-S11", "title": "ECB responds to ICEC report on equity in cricket which finds evidence of discrimination across the game", "organisation": "England and Wales Cricket Board", "url": "https://www.ecb.co.uk/news/3553672/ecb-responds-to-icec-report-on-equity-in-cricket-which-finds-evidence-of-discrimination-across-the-game", "published_date": "2023-06-26", "source_type": "Governing body response", "methodology": "ECB apologises and acknowledges the independent inquiry findings; institutional response, not independent impact evaluation.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" } ], "facts": [ { "id": "CR-F01", "claim": "50% of all respondents reported discrimination during the previous five years.", "value": 50, "unit": "percent", "population": "all respondents", "geography": "England and Wales cricket", "period": "Survey 9 November–21 December 2021; preceding five years", "sample_denominator": "4,156 total survey responses; item-specific valid base not separately verified", "measurement_type": "Self-reported experience in an open survey", "source_ids": [ "CR-S01" ], "source_locator": "Page 85, paragraph 5.2.11", "caveat": "Self-selected respondents; overlapping groups; not whole-sport prevalence. See CR-M01.", "website_use": "Always retain respondents, geography and survey year on the fact card." }, { "id": "CR-F02", "claim": "87% of respondents of Pakistani or Bangladeshi heritage reported discrimination during the previous five years.", "value": 87, "unit": "percent", "population": "respondents of Pakistani or Bangladeshi heritage", "geography": "England and Wales cricket", "period": "Survey 9 November–21 December 2021; preceding five years", "sample_denominator": "Subgroup base not verified; 4,156 total responses", "measurement_type": "Self-reported experience in an open survey", "source_ids": [ "CR-S01" ], "source_locator": "Page 85, paragraph 5.2.11", "caveat": "Self-selected respondents; overlapping groups; not whole-sport prevalence. See CR-M01.", "website_use": "Always retain respondents, geography and survey year on the fact card." }, { "id": "CR-F03", "claim": "82% of respondents of Indian heritage reported discrimination during the previous five years.", "value": 82, "unit": "percent", "population": "respondents of Indian heritage", "geography": "England and Wales cricket", "period": "Survey 9 November–21 December 2021; preceding five years", "sample_denominator": "Subgroup base not verified; 4,156 total responses", "measurement_type": "Self-reported experience in an open survey", "source_ids": [ "CR-S01" ], "source_locator": "Page 85, paragraph 5.2.11", "caveat": "Self-selected respondents; overlapping groups; not whole-sport prevalence. See CR-M01.", "website_use": "Always retain respondents, geography and survey year on the fact card." }, { "id": "CR-F04", "claim": "75% of Black respondents reported discrimination during the previous five years.", "value": 75, "unit": "percent", "population": "Black respondents", "geography": "England and Wales cricket", "period": "Survey 9 November–21 December 2021; preceding five years", "sample_denominator": "Subgroup base not verified; 4,156 total responses", "measurement_type": "Self-reported experience in an open survey", "source_ids": [ "CR-S01" ], "source_locator": "Page 85, paragraph 5.2.11", "caveat": "Self-selected respondents; overlapping groups; not whole-sport prevalence. See CR-M01.", "website_use": "Always retain respondents, geography and survey year on the fact card." }, { "id": "CR-F05", "claim": "73% of LGBTQ+ respondents reported discrimination during the previous five years.", "value": 73, "unit": "percent", "population": "LGBTQ+ respondents", "geography": "England and Wales cricket", "period": "Survey 9 November–21 December 2021; preceding five years", "sample_denominator": "Subgroup base not verified; 4,156 total responses", "measurement_type": "Self-reported experience in an open survey", "source_ids": [ "CR-S01" ], "source_locator": "Page 85, paragraph 5.2.11", "caveat": "Self-selected respondents; overlapping groups; not whole-sport prevalence. See CR-M01.", "website_use": "Always retain respondents, geography and survey year on the fact card." }, { "id": "CR-F06", "claim": "70% of disabled respondents reported discrimination during the previous five years.", "value": 70, "unit": "percent", "population": "disabled respondents", "geography": "England and Wales cricket", "period": "Survey 9 November–21 December 2021; preceding five years", "sample_denominator": "Subgroup base not verified; 4,156 total responses", "measurement_type": "Self-reported experience in an open survey", "source_ids": [ "CR-S01" ], "source_locator": "Page 85, paragraph 5.2.11", "caveat": "Self-selected respondents; overlapping groups; not whole-sport prevalence. See CR-M01.", "website_use": "Always retain respondents, geography and survey year on the fact card." }, { "id": "CR-F07", "claim": "68% of women respondents reported discrimination during the previous five years.", "value": 68, "unit": "percent", "population": "women respondents", "geography": "England and Wales cricket", "period": "Survey 9 November–21 December 2021; preceding five years", "sample_denominator": "Subgroup base not verified; 4,156 total responses", "measurement_type": "Self-reported experience in an open survey", "source_ids": [ "CR-S01" ], "source_locator": "Page 85, paragraph 5.2.11", "caveat": "Self-selected respondents; overlapping groups; not whole-sport prevalence. See CR-M01.", "website_use": "Always retain respondents, geography and survey year on the fact card." }, { "id": "CR-F08", "claim": "18% of respondents who complained were satisfied with complaint handling.", "value": 18, "unit": "percent", "population": "Survey respondents who had reported discrimination", "geography": "England and Wales cricket", "period": "2021 survey", "sample_denominator": "Complainant subgroup base not verified", "measurement_type": "Satisfaction among complainants", "source_ids": [ "CR-S01" ], "source_locator": "Page 190, paragraph 8.5.6", "caveat": "Subset of self-selected respondents; see CR-M01.", "website_use": "Explain why making a report must be paired with listening and follow-through." }, { "id": "CR-F09", "claim": "58% of male England players in 2021 had been privately educated.", "value": 58, "unit": "percent", "population": "Male England players studied by ICEC", "geography": "England", "period": "2021", "sample_denominator": "Roster base not specified in cited summary", "measurement_type": "Educational representation", "source_ids": [ "CR-S01" ], "source_locator": "Page 14, paragraph 1.2.25", "caveat": "A representation statistic, not proof that any particular selection was discriminatory.", "website_use": "Introduce a separate discussion of access, school facilities and cost." }, { "id": "CR-F10", "claim": "The Cricket Regulator dealt with 44 professional-game discrimination incidents in the first ten months of 2025.", "value": 44, "unit": "reported incidents/concerns", "population": "Professional-game cases reaching Cricket Regulator", "geography": "England and Wales", "period": "January–October 2025", "sample_denominator": "Administrative case count; no participant denominator", "measurement_type": "Reports handled", "source_ids": [ "CR-S02" ], "source_locator": "Page 47", "caveat": "Allegations/reports, not 44 proven offences or 44 unique victims. More reports can reflect greater willingness to report.", "website_use": "A reporting-system fact; never label this the number of all incidents." }, { "id": "CR-F11", "claim": "More than 270 discrimination incidents were reported overall to the Cricket Regulator in 2025, by the report cut-off.", "value": ">270", "unit": "reported incidents", "population": "All-game reports to Cricket Regulator", "geography": "England and Wales", "period": "2025 to publication cut-off; exact end date not specified for this total", "sample_denominator": "Administrative report count; no participant denominator", "measurement_type": "Reports received", "source_ids": [ "CR-S02" ], "source_locator": "Page 47 callout", "caveat": "Not a complete calendar-year total. Overlaps with the 44 professional concerns; do not add these figures.", "website_use": "Show that official routes exist, with time-window and allegation caveats visible." }, { "id": "CR-F12", "claim": "The minimum domestic salary for men and women was equalised at £28,000 in 2025.", "value": 28000, "unit": "GBP minimum salary", "population": "Professional domestic players covered by ECB contract arrangements", "geography": "England and Wales", "period": "2025", "sample_denominator": "Contract policy, not a survey", "measurement_type": "Minimum-pay rule", "source_ids": [ "CR-S02" ], "source_locator": "Page 23", "caveat": "Equal minimum pay does not mean equal average pay, total earnings or commercial opportunity.", "website_use": "Pair evidence of barriers with a specific documented improvement." } ], "testimonies": [ { "id": "CR-T01", "name": "Azeem Rafiq", "identity_context": "Former Yorkshire cricketer; Pakistani-born Muslim player", "experience_summary": "Described racist language, exclusion and pressure to fit into team culture in evidence to MPs.", "exact_quote": "I felt isolated, humiliated at times", "quote_words": 6, "source_id": "CR-S03", "why_relevant": "Connect belonging and institutional response to the experience of a young player.", "verification_status": "Exact words checked in official published transcript/interview; typographic apostrophes normalised." }, { "id": "CR-T02", "name": "Usman Khawaja", "identity_context": "Australia international; Pakistani-born cricketer", "experience_summary": "Described overt and casual racism and encouraged support for young players experiencing exclusion.", "exact_quote": "But I had the confidence to speak up when something didn’t feel right, and I know not everyone does.", "quote_words": 19, "source_id": "CR-S05", "why_relevant": "Speaking up is easier when others provide support; confidence should not be demanded from every victim.", "verification_status": "Exact words checked in official published transcript/interview; typographic apostrophes normalised." }, { "id": "CR-T03", "name": "Dan Christian", "identity_context": "Wiradjuri man and former Australia international", "experience_summary": "Described racist jokes about appearance and Aboriginal identity, and the need for education.", "exact_quote": "It’s more of a casual racism. Little throwaway lines here and there that are made to be jokes.", "quote_words": 18, "source_id": "CR-S07", "why_relevant": "A scenario can explore why labelling a remark a joke does not remove its impact.", "verification_status": "Exact words checked in official published transcript/interview; typographic apostrophes normalised." } ], "videos": [ { "id": "CR-V01", "title": "Azeem Rafiq evidence to the Digital Culture Media and Sport Committee", "speaker": "Azeem Rafiq", "official_publisher": "UK Parliament", "url": "https://parliamentlive.tv/event/index/17263424-93b9-4f72-ae8d-b585d1e32400", "source_id": "CR-S04", "date": "2021-11-16", "duration_if_verified": "Full meeting 09:33–13:10; not a short clip", "what_it_covers": "First-hand testimony about racist treatment in Yorkshire cricket; see companion transcript CR-S03.", "verification_status": "Official page, witness index and companion transcript checked; audiovisual playback not independently tested.", "captions_status": "Written transcript verified at CR-S03; player captions not checked.", "timestamp_if_verified": "Official clock-time index: Rafiq starts 09:33:56; next witness 11:19:56. These are clock times, not elapsed video timestamps.", "rights_note": "Link in research/evidence area. Page states parliamentary footage may not be altered or used for advertising or entertainment productions. Do not place footage inside a game, trailer or promotional montage; check full licence before any reuse." }, { "id": "CR-V02", "title": "Black Lives Matter Michael Holding and Ebony Rainford Brent speak about ending institutionalised racism", "speaker": "Michael Holding and Ebony Rainford-Brent", "official_publisher": "ECB hosting Sky Sports material", "url": "https://www.ecb.co.uk/video/1715143/black-lives-matter-holding-and-ebony-rainford-brent-speak-about-ending-institutionalised-racism", "source_id": "CR-S06", "date": "2020-07-08", "duration_if_verified": null, "what_it_covers": "Former international players speak about racism and change in cricket.", "verification_status": "Official ECB video page and description checked; player shows supporters-login text and playback not tested.", "captions_status": "Not verified; provide accessible written context and check captions before embedding.", "timestamp_if_verified": null, "rights_note": "Official hosting is not permission to download or re-edit. Link to source; verify embed permission and availability." }, { "id": "CR-V03", "title": "In full Usman Khawaja retirement press conference", "speaker": "Usman Khawaja", "official_publisher": "Cricket Australia", "url": "https://www.cricket.com.au/news/4426649/usman-khawaja-racial-stereotypes-australian-culture-changes-15-year-international-career-retirement", "source_id": "CR-S08", "date": "2026-01-02", "duration_if_verified": "49:57 (official page metadata)", "what_it_covers": "Khawaja discusses his career, racial stereotyping, junior pathways and making cricket more welcoming.", "verification_status": "Official page identifies full press-conference video and quotes racism discussion; audiovisual playback not independently tested.", "captions_status": "Not verified; article contains relevant attributed speech.", "timestamp_if_verified": null, "rights_note": "Select the 49:57 press conference, not the 03:19 career highlights also on this page. Link or use authorised embed; obtain permission for edited promotional clips." } ], "themes": [ "Racism and ethnic stereotyping", "Religious exclusion and pressure to assimilate", "Sexism and access to opportunity", "Class and school access", "LGBTQ+ exclusion", "Disability discrimination", "Indigenous identity", "Trust in complaint systems" ], "methodology_notes": [ { "id": "CR-M01", "note": "Open, volunteered evidence is valuable for understanding lived experience but is not a probability sample. Treat every survey percentage as describing respondents in that group. Group categories overlap, so percentages must not be added. Never translate 50% into half of all cricketers. No subgroup sample sizes were verified." } ], "reporting_routes": [ { "name": "Cricket Regulator Share a concern", "url": "https://www.cricketregulator.co.uk/share-a-concern", "source_ids": [ "CR-S09", "CR-S10" ], "geography": "England and Wales", "youth_note": "ECB guidance asks under-16s to have a parent or carer fill in the reporting form. An anonymous reporting option is described. Use safeguarding route for safeguarding concerns, with a trusted adult where appropriate." } ], "evidence_gaps": [ "No global cricket discrimination prevalence estimate established.", "No representative youth-only prevalence estimate established.", "Subgroup bases and weighting not independently retrieved for the 2021 survey.", "Video metadata and relevant official text verified; playback, captions and exact elapsed quotation timestamps require prepublication checks.", "The original theicec.com domain redirected away during checking; link to the official ECB-hosted PDF instead.", "ECB progress reporting is institutional self-reporting, not an independent causal impact assessment." ], "editorial_notes": [ "The 2023 report date must not be replaced with 2025 merely because the official PDF was rehosted that year.", "Keep testimony attributed and distinguish it from disciplinary findings.", "Avoid reproducing racial slurs for entertainment. Give readers control over sensitive testimony.", "No quotations from the ICEC PDF are needed; reserve display quotations for the directly checked named athlete accounts." ] }, { "sport": "Tennis including wheelchair tennis", "scope_note": "Professional international tennis, with historical US Open equality cases and a British access example. Online abuse totals include non-discriminatory abuse and are not a prevalence estimate for all tennis players. Historical prize-money evidence and athletes' accounts document different kinds of inequality.", "sources": [ { "id": "TN-S01", "title": "World Tennis and WTA report significant progress in online abuse fight", "organisation": "World Tennis / ITF and WTA", "url": "https://www.world.tennis/en/news-and-media/articles/world-tennis-and-wta-report-significant-progress-in-fight-against-online-abuse/", "published_date": "2026-07-16", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Governing-body research release", "methodology": "Threat Matrix uses AI and human review of public social posts. The programme covers over 10,000 players and officials; findings below concern 2025. Broader abuse categories cannot be relabelled discrimination." }, { "id": "TN-S02", "title": "WTA and ITF publish season-wide online abuse and threat report", "organisation": "WTA and ITF", "url": "https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4288181/wta-and-itf-release-abuse-report-call-on-gambling-industry-to-act", "published_date": "2025-06-16", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Governing-body research release", "methodology": "AI screening plus human verification, January–December 2024. WTA/ITF player coverage; additional Wimbledon and US Open monitoring including ATP players is excluded. Not directly comparable with the December 2024 interim release." }, { "id": "TN-S03", "title": "ITF, WTA, AELTC and USTA report findings of online abuse support service", "organisation": "WTA / ITF / AELTC / USTA", "url": "https://www.wtatennis.com/news/4187576/itf-wta-aeltc-and-usta-report-findings-of-online-abuse-support-service", "published_date": "2024-12-19", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Interim governing-body release", "methodology": "January–October 2024, broader event coverage. Retained to document changing scope; do not add its figures to the later annual report." }, { "id": "TN-S04", "title": "Milestones in equality A long climb to equal prize money at the four Grand Slams", "organisation": "USTA / US Open", "url": "https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2023-03-30/milestones_in_equality_a_long_climb_to_equal_prize_money_at_the_four_grand_slams.html", "published_date": "2023-03-30", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Tournament organiser historical account", "methodology": "Published tournament prize amounts; monetary comparisons concern singles champions in the specified years, not all tennis earnings." }, { "id": "TN-S05", "title": "Equality", "organisation": "Billie Jean King official website", "url": "https://www.billiejeanking.com/equality/", "published_date": null, "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Athlete official account", "methodology": "Biographical first-party account and attributed quotation; no representative population inference." }, { "id": "TN-S06", "title": "Pride month Navratilova King and the 90 days that shook women's tennis", "organisation": "WTA", "url": "https://www.wtatennis.com/news/2167985/the-90-days-that-shook-womens-tennis", "published_date": "2021-06-08", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official tour historical account containing athlete testimony", "methodology": "Historical account of involuntary outing and its consequences, with attributed athlete recollections." }, { "id": "TN-S07", "title": "2017 champ Sloane Stephens finds new motivation at 2026 US Open", "organisation": "USTA / US Open", "url": "https://www.usopen.org/amp/en_US/news/articles/2026-09-01/2017_champ_sloane_stephens_finds_new_motivation_at_2026_us_open.html", "published_date": "2026-09-01", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Tournament interview report", "methodology": "Direct player comments; the cited passage discusses online abuse generally rather than separately quantified racist abuse." }, { "id": "TN-S08", "title": "2023 US Open to celebrate 50 years of equal prize money", "organisation": "USTA / US Open", "url": "https://www.usopen.org/amp/en_US/news/articles/2023-03-14/2023_us_open_to_celebrate_50_years_of_equal_prize_money.html", "published_date": "2023-03-14", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Tournament official article and video landing page", "methodology": "Attributed Billie Jean King quotation and named video; video playback and transcript were not independently reviewed." }, { "id": "TN-S09", "title": "Billie Jean King on change and equality in 1973 [descriptive title]", "organisation": "US Open Tennis Championships verified YouTube channel", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-eFC2O1gxQ", "published_date": "2023-09-04", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official video metadata", "methodology": "Search metadata identifies the verified publisher and says King tells the story in her own words. Search returned no title; the label here is descriptive. Direct video retrieval failed, so captions, duration and playback remain unverified." }, { "id": "TN-S10", "title": "US Open exclusion of wheelchair tennis evokes strong reactions", "organisation": "International Paralympic Committee", "url": "https://www.paralympic.org/news/us-open-exclusion-wheelchair-tennis-evokes-strong-reactions", "published_date": "2020-06-18", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official body reporting direct athlete statements", "methodology": "Player reactions to the initial 2020 event plan. Discrimination is the athletes' characterisation, not a legal finding. Some players disagreed. The decision was subsequently reversed; read with TN-S11 and TN-S12." }, { "id": "TN-S11", "title": "USTA statement on the US Open Wheelchair Competition", "organisation": "USTA / US Open", "url": "https://www.usopen.org/en_US/news/articles/2020-06-19/usta_statement_on_the_us_open_wheelchair_competition.html", "published_date": "2020-06-19", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Organiser official response", "methodology": "USTA acknowledged it should have communicated and collaborated directly with wheelchair athletes when planning the event." }, { "id": "TN-S12", "title": "USTA statement regarding US Open wheelchair tennis event", "organisation": "ITF publishing USTA statement", "url": "https://www.world.tennis/en/news-and-media/articles/usta-statement-regarding-us-open-wheelchair-tennis-event/", "published_date": "2020-06-24", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official outcome statement", "methodology": "Following meetings with athletes and the ITF, USTA reinstated wheelchair events for 10–13 September 2020 with similar draw sizes and the same health procedures as other players." }, { "id": "TN-S13", "title": "Wheelchair tennis star Alfie Hewett surprises inspirational LTA award-winning coach", "organisation": "Lawn Tennis Association", "url": "https://www.lta.org.uk/news/2025/september/wheelchair-tennis-star-alfie-hewett-surprises-inspirational-lta-award-winning-coach/", "published_date": "2025-09-03", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "National governing-body athlete interview", "methodology": "Athlete advocacy about accessible facilities; not a prevalence study or a personal allegation of discriminatory treatment." } ], "facts": [ { "id": "TN-F01", "claim": "More than 1.2 million posts and comments were analysed.", "value": 1200000, "unit": "posts/comments; lower bound", "population": "Monitored tennis content", "geography": "International online", "period": "2025", "sample_denominator": "Programme coverage", "measurement_type": "Monitoring volume", "source_ids": [ "TN-S01" ], "caveat": "Not victim prevalence.", "website_use": "Show scale of monitoring." }, { "id": "TN-F02", "claim": "Over 12,000 posts were categorised as abusive.", "value": 12000, "unit": "posts; lower bound", "population": "Monitored tennis content", "geography": "International online", "period": "2025", "sample_denominator": ">1.2 million analysed", "measurement_type": "Detected abuse", "source_ids": [ "TN-S01" ], "caveat": "Includes non-discriminatory abuse.", "website_use": "Contextual headline with qualification." }, { "id": "TN-F03", "claim": "3,726 posts were classified as serious abuse.", "value": 3726, "unit": "posts", "population": "Monitored tennis content", "geography": "International online", "period": "2025", "sample_denominator": ">12,000 abusive posts", "measurement_type": "Serious abuse count", "source_ids": [ "TN-S01" ], "caveat": "Includes violent, sexual, racist and targeted threats; no separate racial total.", "website_use": "Explain categories, not racial prevalence." }, { "id": "TN-F04", "claim": "66% of serious abusive posts or comments were removed.", "value": 66, "unit": "percent", "population": "Serious abusive content", "geography": "International online", "period": "2025 report", "sample_denominator": "Serious abusive content", "measurement_type": "Reported removal outcome", "source_ids": [ "TN-S01" ], "caveat": "Not proof all harm ended.", "website_use": "Evidence that intervention can help." }, { "id": "TN-F05", "claim": "35 accounts linked to 12 individuals were escalated to law enforcement.", "value": 35, "unit": "accounts", "population": "Investigated accounts", "geography": "International", "period": "2025 report", "sample_denominator": "Selected serious cases", "measurement_type": "Referral count", "source_ids": [ "TN-S01" ], "caveat": "Referrals are not convictions.", "website_use": "Explain institutional response." }, { "id": "TN-F06", "claim": "9% of abusive accounts generated 87% of high-concern abuse.", "value": 87, "unit": "percent of high-concern abuse", "population": "Detected abusive accounts", "geography": "International online", "period": "2025", "sample_denominator": "High-concern content", "measurement_type": "Concentration", "source_ids": [ "TN-S01" ], "caveat": "Do not label all fans abusive.", "website_use": "Explain concentrated perpetration." }, { "id": "TN-F07", "claim": "About 8,000 abusive, violent or threatening posts/comments were verified from 4,200 accounts.", "value": 8000, "unit": "posts/comments; approximate", "population": "WTA/ITF annual monitoring sample", "geography": "International online", "period": "January–December 2024", "sample_denominator": "1.6 million analysed posts/comments", "measurement_type": "Human-verified abuse count", "source_ids": [ "TN-S02" ], "caveat": "Scope differs from interim release and later coverage.", "website_use": "Historical context; no simple trend chart." }, { "id": "TN-F08", "claim": "458 players were targeted by direct abuse or threats.", "value": 458, "unit": "players", "population": "Covered WTA/ITF players", "geography": "International online", "period": "2024", "sample_denominator": "Approximately 8,300 covered players", "measurement_type": "Detected targeted players", "source_ids": [ "TN-S02" ], "caveat": "Not all incidents detected; direct here does not mean exclusively private messages.", "website_use": "Connect content counts with people." }, { "id": "TN-F09", "claim": "Five players received 26% of identified abuse.", "value": 26, "unit": "percent", "population": "Five targeted players", "geography": "International online", "period": "2024", "sample_denominator": "All identified abuse in annual sample", "measurement_type": "Concentration", "source_ids": [ "TN-S02" ], "caveat": "Cannot identify those five from this release.", "website_use": "Illustrate unequal exposure." }, { "id": "TN-F10", "claim": "The 1972 US Open singles champions received $10,000 for women and $25,000 for men.", "value": { "women": 10000, "men": 25000 }, "unit": "US dollars", "population": "Two singles champions", "geography": "United States", "period": "1972 US Open", "sample_denominator": "Men's and women's singles champion prizes", "measurement_type": "Historical prize comparison", "source_ids": [ "TN-S04" ], "caveat": "Historical event amounts, not present-day career earnings.", "website_use": "A before-and-after equality graphic." }, { "id": "TN-F11", "claim": "In 1973, each US Open singles champion received $25,000.", "value": 25000, "unit": "US dollars per champion", "population": "Men's and women's singles champions", "geography": "United States", "period": "1973 US Open", "sample_denominator": "Both champion prizes", "measurement_type": "Historical equality milestone", "source_ids": [ "TN-S04" ], "caveat": "Does not mean all tennis inequality ended.", "website_use": "Show a concrete change after advocacy." } ], "testimonies": [ { "id": "TN-T01", "name": "Billie Jean King", "identity_context": "Tennis player and equality advocate", "experience_summary": "Her official site recounts exclusion from a junior group photograph at age 12 for wearing shorts rather than a skirt. It connects her later sporting influence to her campaign for equal prizes.", "exact_quote": "Unless I was number 1, I wouldn’t be listened to.", "quote_words": 10, "source_id": "TN-S05", "why_relevant": "Shows how young athletes can encounter gender expectations before becoming professionals.", "verification_status": "Exact quotation checked against athlete's official website; account is retrospective." }, { "id": "TN-T02", "name": "Billie Jean King", "identity_context": "Former US Open champion campaigning for equality", "experience_summary": "At the US Open's equal-prize-money anniversary she urged later generations to continue working for equality.", "exact_quote": "Every generation does have to fight for equality and freedom.", "quote_words": 10, "source_id": "TN-S08", "why_relevant": "A concise call to action from a participant in a documented successful campaign.", "verification_status": "Exact text verified in official USTA release; not claimed as a video transcript." }, { "id": "TN-T03", "name": "Martina Navratilova", "identity_context": "Tennis champion describing being accepted after being publicly outed", "experience_summary": "The WTA recounts involuntary outing and hostility towards lesbian players in 1981. Navratilova described the emotional impact of spectators' support after the US Open final.", "exact_quote": "Acceptance, respect – maybe even love.", "quote_words": 5, "source_id": "TN-S06", "why_relevant": "Connects LGBTQ+ inclusion with belonging; never imply anyone should be pressured to come out.", "verification_status": "Exact excerpt verified within a longer attributed first-person recollection." }, { "id": "TN-T04", "name": "Sloane Stephens", "identity_context": "US Open champion discussing online abuse", "experience_summary": "Stephens said she had faced online abuse for years and expressed particular concern for younger players whose lives are closely connected to social platforms.", "exact_quote": "I’ve been dealing with it for a long time.", "quote_words": 9, "source_id": "TN-S07", "why_relevant": "Directly connects elite experience with protection for younger athletes.", "verification_status": "Exact first-person quotation verified on official tournament website; passage does not separate discrimination from general abuse." }, { "id": "TN-T05", "name": "Dylan Alcott", "identity_context": "Wheelchair tennis champion affected by initial 2020 US Open omission", "experience_summary": "Alcott objected to omission of wheelchair events from the initial pandemic programme and called it discriminatory. Other players expressed differing views. USTA acknowledged inadequate consultation and subsequently reinstated events following meetings with athletes.", "exact_quote": "Players weren’t consulted.", "quote_words": 3, "source_id": "TN-S10", "additional_source_ids": [ "TN-S11", "TN-S12" ], "why_relevant": "A documented example of athlete criticism followed by dialogue and a changed decision.", "verification_status": "Direct athlete statement quoted by IPC. His discrimination allegation is attributed, not presented as an adjudicated legal finding." }, { "id": "TN-T06", "name": "Alfie Hewett", "identity_context": "Wheelchair tennis player advocating accessible sport", "experience_summary": "During an inclusive coaching visit, Hewett stressed that inaccessible facilities can prevent participation.", "exact_quote": "In today’s world, every facility should be accessible to all.", "quote_words": 10, "source_id": "TN-S13", "why_relevant": "Broadens the website from hateful language to practical participation barriers.", "verification_status": "Exact attributed quotation checked against LTA article. Advocacy, not a personal discrimination incident or a measured rate." } ], "videos": [ { "id": "TN-V01", "title": "Billie Jean King on change and equality in 1973 [descriptive title]", "speaker": "Billie Jean King", "official_publisher": "US Open Tennis Championships verified YouTube channel", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R-eFC2O1gxQ", "source_id": "TN-S09", "date": "2023-09-04", "duration_if_verified": null, "what_it_covers": "Publisher description identifies King's own account of becoming a catalyst for equality in 1973.", "verification_status": "Official channel, upload date and first-person subject verified through indexed publisher metadata. Direct playback retrieval failed; audiovisual content not reviewed.", "captions_status": "Unverified; check before embedding.", "timestamp_if_verified": null, "rights_note": "Link to official upload. Confirm platform embed availability and captions before publication; do not assume permission to download or edit footage." }, { "id": "TN-V02", "title": "Billie Jean King reflects on fight for equal prize money", "speaker": "Billie Jean King", "official_publisher": "USTA / US Open", "url": "https://www.usopen.org/amp/en_US/news/articles/2023-03-14/2023_us_open_to_celebrate_50_years_of_equal_prize_money.html", "source_id": "TN-S08", "date": "2023-03-14", "duration_if_verified": null, "what_it_covers": "Official article labels an accompanying video about King's fight for equal prizes.", "verification_status": "Official landing-page video label verified; embedded player playback and transcript not reviewed. Treat as alternate viewing route, not necessarily a separate recording from TN-V01.", "captions_status": "Unverified.", "timestamp_if_verified": null, "rights_note": "Use the official page as a fallback link. Obtain permission for edited extracts." } ], "themes": [ "Sexism and unequal rewards", "Racist and sexual online abuse within broader harassment", "LGBTQ+ exclusion and belonging", "Disability access and consultation", "Athlete advocacy producing institutional change" ], "evidence_gaps": [ "No representative all-tennis discrimination prevalence estimate established here.", "The monitoring reports combine many kinds of abuse; they do not provide a valid percentage of tennis players experiencing racism.", "Monitoring coverage changed across releases. Do not subtract 2024 and 2025 totals to claim discrimination grew by a particular percentage.", "The wheelchair omission was reversed; a website must include that outcome and distinguish allegations from findings.", "Video metadata is verified but playback, exact spoken words, captions and timestamps need an editorial check before website launch.", "No new interviews were conducted for this research. First-hand material means previously published athlete testimony, not original fieldwork." ] }, { "sport": "Athletics and track and field", "scope_note": "Official event monitoring covers selected elite athletes, not all young athletes or all discrimination in athletics. First-person accounts illustrate experiences, not prevalence. Public online monitoring cannot measure all offline discrimination or private messages.", "sources": [ { "id": "AT-S01", "title": "World Athletics publishes Online Abuse Study covering Tokyo Olympic Games", "organisation": "World Athletics", "url": "https://worldathletics.org/women-in-athletics/news/online-abuse-study-athletes-tokyo-olympic-games", "published_date": "2021-11-25", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Governing-body commissioned monitoring study release", "methodology": "Threat Matrix selected 161 Twitter handles; 15 July–9 August 2021; 240,707 tweets analysed; 132 abusive posts identified. Selected accounts, not a representative youth survey." }, { "id": "AT-S02", "title": "World Athletics Online Abuse Study covering World Athletics Championships Oregon22", "organisation": "World Athletics", "url": "https://assets.aws.worldathletics.org/document/6389c796714a27f250a15a6a.pdf", "published_date": "2022-12-02", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official report PDF", "methodology": "Original report: 461 tracked competitors; Twitter and Instagram; 10 July–1 August 2022; 427,764 posts/comments; 59 abusive posts. Pages 2 and 4 establish sample and identified abuse." }, { "id": "AT-S03", "title": "Online Abuse in Athletics AI Research Study World Athletics Championships Budapest 23", "organisation": "World Athletics and Signify", "url": "https://assets.aws.worldathletics.org/document/65855a60bb137fa6e10fc1c7.pdf", "published_date": "2023-12-22", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official report PDF", "methodology": "18–28 August 2023; 1,344 competitors and 1,666 accounts; X and Instagram; original report states 449,209 posts/comments; 258 abusive posts. Pages 3–4." }, { "id": "AT-S04", "title": "World Athletics publishes findings of study into online abuse of athletes covering Paris Olympic Games", "organisation": "World Athletics", "url": "https://worldathletics.org/preview/study-online-abuse-athletes-paris-2024-olympic-games", "published_date": "2024-10-31", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Governing-body commissioned monitoring study release", "methodology": "Paris 2024 window stated as 24 July–11 August plus 24-hour buffers; 1,917 athletes/reserves/officials; four platforms; 355,873 items; AI flags human-reviewed. Exact window follows publisher wording, not an independently corrected calendar." }, { "id": "AT-S05", "title": "World Athletics publishes ground-breaking four-year analysis into online abuse", "organisation": "World Athletics", "url": "https://worldathletics.org/news/press-releases/four-year-analysis-online-abuse-athletics", "published_date": "2024-12-18", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official synthesis and methodological caveats", "methodology": "Four-event synthesis; scope expanded from Twitter to four platforms. Excludes direct messages and mentions without direct tagging. Some figures differ from original reports; do not silently combine editions." }, { "id": "AT-S06", "title": "How motherhood helped Felix find her voice", "organisation": "World Athletics", "url": "https://worldathletics.org/heritage/news/allyson-felix-usa-sprinter-mother-olympics-20", "published_date": "2020-03-04", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official athlete interview by Cathal Dennehy", "methodology": "First-person interview; illustrative experience, not population research." }, { "id": "AT-S07", "title": "Tommie Smith 35 years later I'd still do it", "organisation": "World Athletics", "url": "https://worldathletics.org/news/news/tommie-smith-35-years-later-id-still-do-it", "published_date": "2003-08-26", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official first-person athlete interview", "methodology": "Retrospective testimony about 1968 and its consequences; historical case, not a measure of current prevalence." }, { "id": "AT-S08", "title": "John Carlos oral history interview conducted by David P Cline in New York New York 2013 August 18", "organisation": "Library of Congress and Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture", "url": "https://www.loc.gov/item/2015669202/", "published_date": "2013-08-18", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Government-held original oral history and catalogue", "methodology": "Recorded individual testimony; retrospective recollections. Catalogue and official teaching commentary verified; full audiovisual recording not watched in this research run." }, { "id": "AT-S09", "title": "Civil Rights History Project John Carlos", "organisation": "Library of Congress official YouTube channel", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YJHoVoOwEs", "published_date": "2014-09-11", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official original interview video publication", "methodology": "Official channel and description verify interview conducted 18 August 2013. Video duration corroborated by Smithsonian catalogue; no playback or captions check performed." }, { "id": "AT-S10", "title": "Athletics Ireland There's No Room for Racism video", "organisation": "Athletics Ireland", "url": "https://www.athleticsireland.ie/athletics-ireland-theres-no-room-for-racism-video/", "published_date": "2021-12-14", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "National governing-body campaign and video provenance", "methodology": "Official page identifies narrators Nadia Power and Nelvin Appiah and embeds the official video. Campaign message, not personal testimony of an incident." }, { "id": "AT-S11", "title": "There's No Room for Racism", "organisation": "Athletics Ireland TV official YouTube channel", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyHrsJ4JPnc", "published_date": "2021-12-08", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official anti-racism video", "methodology": "Uploader and embedded link cross-checked with Athletics Ireland website; audiovisual content and captions not independently reviewed." }, { "id": "AT-S12", "title": "Victory Stand Meet Tommie Smith Human Rights Activist at the 1968 Olympics", "organisation": "Library of Congress", "url": "https://blogs.loc.gov/families/2022/09/victory-stand-meet-tommie-smith-human-rights-activist-at-the-1968-olympics/", "published_date": "2022-09-17", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official educational guide to original oral history", "methodology": "Publisher supplies a John Carlos viewing segment 1:27:06–1:30:41; timing is publisher-suggested, not independently playback-verified." }, { "id": "AT-S13", "title": "John Carlos Ph D Oral History Interview", "organisation": "Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture", "url": "https://nmaahc.si.edu/object/nmaahc_2011.174.103.1a-i", "published_date": "2013-08-18", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Government museum catalogue", "methodology": "Catalogue verifies recording length 2 hr 6 min 42 sec and subject matter." } ], "facts": [ { "id": "AT-F01", "claim": "23 of 161 tracked athlete accounts received targeted abuse in the Tokyo study.", "value": 23, "unit": "targeted athletes", "population": "Tokyo study cohort", "geography": "International athletes at Tokyo Olympics", "period": "15 July–9 August 2021", "sample_denominator": "161 monitored handles; 132 abusive posts", "measurement_type": "Detected targeted online abuse", "source_ids": [ "AT-S01" ], "caveat": "Selected Twitter accounts; not youth prevalence.", "website_use": "Explain people versus posts." }, { "id": "AT-F02", "claim": "87% of identified Tokyo abuse was directed at women.", "value": 87, "unit": "percent of abusive posts", "population": "Tokyo study abusive-post set", "geography": "International", "period": "Tokyo 2020 held in 2021", "sample_denominator": "115 of 132 posts", "measurement_type": "Distribution of detected abuse", "source_ids": [ "AT-S01" ], "caveat": "Does not mean 87% of female athletes were abused.", "website_use": "Gender-focused fact card." }, { "id": "AT-F03", "claim": "Sexist and racist categories accounted for 55% of identified Tokyo abuse.", "value": 55, "unit": "percent of abusive posts", "population": "Tokyo study abusive-post set", "geography": "International", "period": "2021", "sample_denominator": "132 identified posts", "measurement_type": "Abuse category share", "source_ids": [ "AT-S01" ], "caveat": "Publisher reports 29% sexist and 26% racist; limited event sample.", "website_use": "Show overlapping structural issues without generalising prevalence." }, { "id": "AT-F04", "claim": "Oregon monitoring identified 59 abusive posts from 57 authors.", "value": 59, "unit": "abusive posts", "population": "Oregon study cohort", "geography": "International athletes at Oregon championships", "period": "10 July–1 August 2022", "sample_denominator": "427,764 items; 461 competitors in original report", "measurement_type": "Detected online abuse count", "source_ids": [ "AT-S02" ], "caveat": "Original and later synthesis have different cohort totals.", "website_use": "Evidence-method example." }, { "id": "AT-F05", "claim": "27 of the 461 tracked competitors received targeted abuse in the original Oregon report.", "value": 27, "unit": "targeted competitors", "population": "Oregon study cohort", "geography": "International", "period": "2022", "sample_denominator": "461 competitors", "measurement_type": "Detected targeted online abuse", "source_ids": [ "AT-S02" ], "caveat": "Use original report consistently; later synthesis says 458 monitored.", "website_use": "Pair with post count to explain denominator." }, { "id": "AT-F06", "claim": "Budapest monitoring identified 258 abusive posts.", "value": 258, "unit": "abusive posts", "population": "Budapest study cohort", "geography": "International athletes at Budapest championships", "period": "18–28 August 2023", "sample_denominator": "1,344 competitors; original report 449,209 items", "measurement_type": "Detected online abuse count", "source_ids": [ "AT-S03" ], "caveat": "Later synthesis gives 417,240 analysed items; no blended rate calculated.", "website_use": "Event-specific evidence card." }, { "id": "AT-F07", "claim": "35% of identified Budapest abuse was racist.", "value": 35, "unit": "percent of abusive posts", "population": "Budapest study abusive-post set", "geography": "International", "period": "2023", "sample_denominator": "258 abusive posts", "measurement_type": "Abuse category share", "source_ids": [ "AT-S03" ], "caveat": "Not 35% of athletes; rounded share from small detected set.", "website_use": "Headline figure with visible denominator." }, { "id": "AT-F08", "claim": "Paris athletics monitoring verified 809 abusive posts and comments.", "value": 809, "unit": "abusive posts and comments", "population": "Paris athletics cohort", "geography": "International", "period": "Paris 2024 study window", "sample_denominator": "355,873 items; 1,917 athletes/reserves/officials", "measurement_type": "Human-verified online abuse count", "source_ids": [ "AT-S04" ], "caveat": "Includes general abuse without discriminatory language.", "website_use": "Keep abuse and discrimination distinct." }, { "id": "AT-F09", "claim": "18% of verified Paris athletics abuse was racist.", "value": 18, "unit": "percent of verified abusive items", "population": "Paris athletics abusive-item set", "geography": "International", "period": "2024", "sample_denominator": "809 verified abusive items", "measurement_type": "Abuse category share", "source_ids": [ "AT-S04" ], "caveat": "A share of detected abuse, not athlete prevalence.", "website_use": "Main racism fact with scope label." }, { "id": "AT-F10", "claim": "Two athletes received 82% of detected Paris athletics abuse.", "value": 82, "unit": "percent of verified abusive items", "population": "Paris athletics abusive-item set", "geography": "International", "period": "2024", "sample_denominator": "809 abusive items; two targeted athletes", "measurement_type": "Concentration of detected abuse", "source_ids": [ "AT-S04" ], "caveat": "Individuals were not identified in this release; do not speculate.", "website_use": "Explain targeted pile-ons without naming presumed targets." } ], "testimonies": [ { "id": "AT-T01", "name": "Allyson Felix", "identity_context": "US sprinter and mother", "experience_summary": "Felix described fear about speaking publicly on maternity protections in athlete sponsorship contracts. World Athletics reports that her former sponsor subsequently changed its maternity terms.", "exact_quote": "It was really scary, but I think it was totally worth it", "quote_words": 12, "source_id": "AT-S06", "why_relevant": "Shows that elite athletes can fear speaking out and that pregnancy-related treatment matters in sport.", "verification_status": "Exact short quotation checked against official World Athletics interview; not a new project interview." }, { "id": "AT-T02", "name": "Tommie Smith", "identity_context": "US 200m Olympic champion and civil-rights campaigner", "experience_summary": "In a 2003 interview Smith recalled the exclusion and hostility following his 1968 podium protest against the treatment of Black Americans.", "exact_quote": "We were banned from competition. I never ran again international competition", "quote_words": 11, "source_id": "AT-S07", "why_relevant": "Connects sporting achievement, racial inequality and the personal costs of protest. Historical testimony should not be treated as advice to take identical risks today.", "verification_status": "Contiguous short excerpt checked in official World Athletics interview; original speaker wording preserved." }, { "id": "AT-T03", "name": "John Carlos", "identity_context": "US track athlete and 1968 Olympic bronze medallist", "experience_summary": "His official oral history covers racial discrimination at East Texas State University, the Olympic protest, its symbolism and emotional consequences.", "exact_quote": null, "quote_words": 0, "source_id": "AT-S08", "why_relevant": "A long-form first-hand encounter provides depth beyond a famous photograph; can support a classroom discussion about allyship and consequences.", "verification_status": "Content verified from government catalogue and official educational commentary; no verbatim excerpt or claim of full video viewing." } ], "videos": [ { "id": "AT-V01", "title": "Civil Rights History Project John Carlos", "speaker": "John Carlos interviewed by David P Cline", "official_publisher": "Library of Congress", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2YJHoVoOwEs", "source_id": "AT-S09", "supporting_source_ids": [ "AT-S08", "AT-S12", "AT-S13" ], "date": "2014-09-11 publication; recorded 2013-08-18", "duration_if_verified": "2:06:42 for original interview, verified by Smithsonian catalogue", "what_it_covers": "First-person account of racial discrimination, the 1968 podium protest and its impact. Suggested short section discusses meeting Martin Luther King Jr and possible sporting protests.", "verification_status": "Official uploader, interview identity and catalogue verified; playback not independently tested.", "captions_status": "Catalogue links a transcript; video captions not verified.", "timestamp_if_verified": "1:27:06–1:30:41 recommended by Library of Congress educational guide AT-S12; not independently playback-verified.", "rights_note": "Link to official publication. Check collection rights before editing or re-uploading; catalogue warns some use restrictions may apply." }, { "id": "AT-V02", "title": "There's No Room for Racism", "speaker": "Nadia Power and Nelvin Appiah as narrators", "official_publisher": "Athletics Ireland TV", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DyHrsJ4JPnc", "source_id": "AT-S11", "supporting_source_ids": [ "AT-S10" ], "date": "2021-12-08", "duration_if_verified": null, "what_it_covers": "Athlete-voiced anti-racism animation promoting inclusion and speaking out. This is advocacy narration, not an interview recounting a personal incident.", "verification_status": "Official page confirms narrators and embeds this exact YouTube ID; playback not independently tested.", "captions_status": "Not verified; review before website launch.", "timestamp_if_verified": null, "rights_note": "Use official link or permitted embed; obtain permission before re-editing or re-uploading." } ], "themes": [ "racism", "sexism", "pregnancy and maternity treatment", "online pile-ons", "intersectional discrimination", "athlete voice and retaliation", "historical civil rights", "allyship" ], "evidence_gaps": [ "No representative grassroots or youth athletics discrimination prevalence estimate is established by these elite-event datasets.", "Private messages, untagged comments and offline encounters are outside much of the monitoring coverage.", "Source editions disagree: original Oregon cohort 461 versus later 458; original Budapest items 449,209 versus later 417,240. Keep original-study denominators. Oregon sexual/sexist share is also internally inconsistent: 42% in key findings versus 29% plus 7% in the figure. That category statistic is deliberately excluded.", "Changes in athletes, platforms, event scale and detection rules prevent a clean cross-year trend or comparison with other sports.", "General abuse is broader than identity-based discrimination, and victims of transphobic abuse cannot be assumed to be transgender.", "Historical oral histories are valuable first-person evidence but reflect retrospective memory and do not establish contemporary prevalence.", "Video metadata and official provenance were verified, but full playback, caption quality and publication rights still require a pre-launch review." ] }, { "sport": "Basketball", "scope_note": "Selected professional NBA/WNBA accounts, US college championship monitoring and documented individual experiences. These sources do not provide worldwide basketball discrimination prevalence.", "sources": [ { "id": "BB-S01", "title": "Decoding Online Abuse of Players", "organisation": "FIFPRO, NBPA and WNBPA; research by Signify", "url": "https://imgix.cosmicjs.com/8b71df90-e064-11ec-bb19-d9085ce408df-FIFPRO-NBPA-WNBPA-DecodingOnlineAbuse.pdf", "published_date": "2022-05-31", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Original commissioned research report linked by NBPA", "methodology": "May–September 2021; 80 selected NBA/WNBA player accounts. Twitter-focused monitoring, AI detection and analyst review; purposive sample, not population prevalence. See printed pp 24–27 and 52–54." }, { "id": "BB-S02", "title": "FIFPRO, NBPA, and WNBPA Launch Collaboration to Strengthen Player Protection against Online Abuse", "organisation": "National Basketball Players Association", "url": "https://nbpa.com/news/fifpro-nbpa-and-wnbpa-launch-collaboration-to-strengthen-player-protection-against-online-abuse", "published_date": "2022-05-31", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official union release", "methodology": "Links the original report. Summary contains discrepancies with detailed report; see evidence gaps." }, { "id": "BB-S03", "title": "NCAA calls on fans, social media platforms to curb abuse as it releases first online harassment study", "organisation": "NCAA", "url": "https://www.ncaa.org/news/media-center-ncaa-calls-on-fans-social-media-platforms-to-curb-abuse-as-it-releases-first-online-harassment-study/", "published_date": "2024-10-10", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official governing body research release", "methodology": "2023–24 championship pilot, multiple sports; basketball-specific numbers must be separated from pooled totals." }, { "id": "BB-S04", "title": "NCAA Pilot Study 2023–24 Online Abuse in NCAA Championships", "organisation": "NCAA; Signify Group", "url": "https://ncaaorg.s3.amazonaws.com/ncaa/wagering/NCAAThreatMatrixPilotStudyPublicReport.pdf", "published_date": "2024-10-10", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Original commissioned research report", "methodology": "Public X, Instagram, Facebook and TikTok data; AI flags reviewed by analysts. Basketball covered second round onwards. Private messages not systematically monitored. Printed pp 5, 7, 9 and 13." }, { "id": "BB-S05", "title": "2024 WNBA Impact Report", "organisation": "WNBA", "url": "https://cdn.wnba.com/sites/4/2025/03/2024-WNBA-Impact-Report.pdf", "published_date": "2025-03 (URL month; exact publication day not stated)", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official league report with direct athlete quotation", "methodology": "Layshia Clarendon quotation at printed p21, PDF page18. Qualitative testimony; not a prevalence study." }, { "id": "BB-S06", "title": "Trailblazing Athlete Bilqis Abdul-Qaadir Inspires Westfield State Community", "organisation": "Westfield State University", "url": "https://www.westfield.ma.edu/news/trailblazing-athlete-bilqis-abdul-qaadir-inspires-westfield-state-community", "published_date": "2025-02-19", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official public university account of its own athlete speaking event", "methodology": "Reports Abdul-Qaadir speaking on 7 February 2025. First-person recollections contextualise a former headgear restriction." }, { "id": "BB-S07", "title": "FIBA's Mid-Term Congress unanimously ratifies new headgear rule", "organisation": "FIBA", "url": "https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/fibas-mid-term-congress-ratifies-new-headgear-rule", "published_date": "2017-05-04", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official governing body policy announcement", "methodology": "Historical rule change, effective 1 October 2017; this is not a current rulebook compliance checklist. Search-index text available; direct open returned 403." }, { "id": "BB-S08", "title": "Freedom From Fear", "organisation": "UNI Global Union World Players", "url": "https://uniglobalunion.org/about/sectors/world-players/7567-2/", "published_date": null, "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official players union recognition and interview page", "methodology": "Describes Bilqis Abdul-Qaadir’s campaign and provides interview/documentary entries." }, { "id": "BB-S09", "title": "In Conversation Layshia Clarendon and Glennon Doyle", "organisation": "New York Liberty", "url": "https://liberty.wnba.com/video/in-conversation-layshia-clarendon-and-glennon-doyle", "published_date": "2020-06-25 (official YouTube upload)", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official team athlete interview page", "methodology": "Page description and verified New York Liberty YouTube metadata matched; no full transcript or playback reviewed." }, { "id": "BB-S10", "title": "Social Justice Council Layshia Clarendon", "organisation": "WNBA", "url": "https://www.wnba.com/watch/video/social-justice-council-layshia-clarendon", "published_date": "2020-09-21", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official league athlete video", "methodology": "Official video page identifies speaker and date; playback, transcript and duration not verified." }, { "id": "BB-S11", "title": "Jeremy Lin Asian Americans tired of being told they don't experience racism", "organisation": "NBA.com News Services", "url": "https://www.nba.com/news/jeremy-lin-asian-americans-tired-of-being-told-they-dont-experience-racism", "published_date": "2021-02-26", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official league article quoting and linking athlete’s own public statement", "methodology": "Exact quotation at line 176; article links Lin’s Facebook post. Supplementary AP reporting is not used for statistical claims." }, { "id": "BB-S12", "title": "Jeremy Lin Opens Up About Anti-Asian Racism and His Foundation’s Origin Story", "organisation": "Jeremy Lin Foundation", "url": "https://www.jeremylinfoundation.org/news/jeremy-lin-opens-up-about-anti-asian-racism-and-his-rise-to-fame-takeline", "published_date": "March 16; year not displayed on retrieved page", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official athlete foundation interview recommendation", "methodology": "Foundation identifies Takeline interview with Lin about racism; not used for a quotation." }, { "id": "BB-S13", "title": "IN CONVERSATION LAYSHIA CLARENDON and GLENNON DOYLE", "organisation": "New York Liberty verified YouTube channel", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFbQeGXYboY", "published_date": "2020-06-25", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official team video upload", "methodology": "Search metadata verifies channel, title, date and description; direct tool playback unavailable." }, { "id": "BB-S14", "title": "WNBA Unveils No Space For Hate Platform For Season-Long Community Impact", "organisation": "WNBA", "url": "https://www.wnba.com/news/wnba-unveils-no-space-for-hate-platform", "published_date": "2025-05-15", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08", "source_type": "Official league protection programme announcement", "methodology": "Policy response, not proof that discrimination has ended or independent evaluation." } ], "facts": [ { "id": "BB-F01", "claim": "29 sampled men received targeted online abuse, reported as 64% of that group.", "value": 64, "unit": "percent; 29 players", "population": "Selected NBA/former NBA accounts", "geography": "United States based leagues; international players and online audience", "period": "May–September 2021", "sample_denominator": "29 affected; source reports 64% of the selected men’s subgroup; 80 basketball accounts overall", "measurement_type": "Sampled-account exposure", "source_ids": [ "BB-S01" ], "caveat": "Selected accounts, not all basketball players.", "website_use": "Show denominator beside the percentage." }, { "id": "BB-F02", "claim": "13 sampled WNBA players received targeted abuse, reported as 37% of that group.", "value": 37, "unit": "percent; 13 players", "population": "Selected WNBA accounts", "geography": "United States based leagues; international players and online audience", "period": "May–September 2021", "sample_denominator": "13 affected; source reports 37% of the selected WNBA subgroup; 80 basketball accounts overall", "measurement_type": "Sampled-account exposure", "source_ids": [ "BB-S01" ], "caveat": "Includes a non-binary athlete; retain league grouping.", "website_use": "Use the label WNBA sample." }, { "id": "BB-F03", "claim": "The WNBA sample received 85 verified abusive posts.", "value": 85, "unit": "posts", "population": "Selected WNBA accounts", "geography": "United States based leagues; international players and online audience", "period": "May–September 2021", "sample_denominator": "WNBA subgroup of the 80-account basketball sample", "measurement_type": "Detected-content count", "source_ids": [ "BB-S01" ], "caveat": "Posts, not unique victims.", "website_use": "Pair with types of abuse." }, { "id": "BB-F04", "claim": "Sexist, homophobic and sexual messages together represented 81% of detected WNBA abuse.", "value": 81, "unit": "percent", "population": "Abusive posts targeting WNBA sample", "geography": "United States based leagues; international players and online audience", "period": "May–September 2021", "sample_denominator": "85 detected abusive posts", "measurement_type": "Content-category share", "source_ids": [ "BB-S01" ], "caveat": "Three combined categories; not sexual harassment alone.", "website_use": "Headline discrimination statistic with precise category label." }, { "id": "BB-F05", "claim": "Sexist content represented 44% of detected WNBA abuse.", "value": 44, "unit": "percent", "population": "Abusive posts targeting WNBA sample", "geography": "United States based leagues; international players and online audience", "period": "May–September 2021", "sample_denominator": "85 detected abusive posts", "measurement_type": "Content-category share", "source_ids": [ "BB-S01" ], "caveat": "Rounded category share.", "website_use": "Small breakdown chart." }, { "id": "BB-F06", "claim": "Homophobic content represented 19% of detected WNBA abuse.", "value": 19, "unit": "percent", "population": "Abusive posts targeting WNBA sample", "geography": "United States based leagues; international players and online audience", "period": "May–September 2021", "sample_denominator": "85 detected abusive posts", "measurement_type": "Content-category share", "source_ids": [ "BB-S01" ], "caveat": "Does not identify victims’ sexual orientation.", "website_use": "Explain that perceived identity can trigger abuse." }, { "id": "BB-F07", "claim": "March Madness monitoring identified 3,915 abusive or threatening messages.", "value": 3915, "unit": "messages", "population": "Men’s and women’s March Madness participants", "geography": "United States NCAA championships; online audience international", "period": "2024 tournament, second round onwards", "sample_denominator": "848,096 public posts/comments monitored for basketball", "measurement_type": "Detected-content count", "source_ids": [ "BB-S04" ], "caveat": "Broader abuse measure; includes non-discriminatory abuse.", "website_use": "Separate broader-abuse context from discrimination statistics." }, { "id": "BB-F08", "claim": "Women’s March Madness participants received almost three times the abuse detected for men.", "value": "almost 3", "unit": "ratio", "population": "Monitored women’s versus men’s tournament participants", "geography": "United States NCAA championships; online audience international", "period": "2024 tournament, second round onwards", "sample_denominator": "Tournament message totals; not an individual risk ratio", "measurement_type": "Relative content volume", "source_ids": [ "BB-S04" ], "caveat": "Unequal participant counts; source says abuse, not solely threats.", "website_use": "Use a qualified comparison, never say every woman is three times more likely." }, { "id": "BB-F09", "claim": "March Madness yielded 541 betting or match-fixing-related abusive or threatening messages.", "value": 541, "unit": "messages", "population": "Basketball student-athletes and match officials", "geography": "United States NCAA championships; online audience international", "period": "2024 tournament, second round onwards", "sample_denominator": "332 women’s competition; 209 men’s competition", "measurement_type": "Detected-content count", "source_ids": [ "BB-S04" ], "caveat": "Betting-linked abuse is not automatically identity discrimination.", "website_use": "Optional adjacent issue showing responsibility beyond athletes." }, { "id": "BB-F10", "claim": "FIBA’s revised headgear permission took effect on 1 October 2017.", "value": "2017-10-01", "unit": "policy effective date", "population": "Players in FIBA-regulated basketball", "geography": "International", "period": "2017 rule change", "sample_denominator": "Not applicable", "measurement_type": "Policy milestone", "source_ids": [ "BB-S07" ], "caveat": "Historical rule; check current regulations before equipment advice.", "website_use": "Show campaigning can change institutional barriers." }, { "id": "BB-F11", "claim": "World Players reports that the headgear ban kept Abdul-Qaadir from playing for three years.", "value": 3, "unit": "years", "population": "Bilqis Abdul-Qaadir", "geography": "United States athlete seeking international professional basketball", "period": "Period before the 2017 rule change", "sample_denominator": "One athlete’s documented case", "measurement_type": "Individual case duration", "source_ids": [ "BB-S08" ], "caveat": "Individual experience, not a prevalence statistic.", "website_use": "Timeline linking faith, opportunity and advocacy." }, { "id": "BB-F12", "claim": "The WNBA launched No Space for Hate on 15 May 2025.", "value": "2025-05-15", "unit": "programme launch date", "population": "WNBA players, teams and spaces", "geography": "United States", "period": "2025", "sample_denominator": "Not applicable", "measurement_type": "Institutional response", "source_ids": [ "BB-S14" ], "caveat": "A programme launch does not establish effectiveness.", "website_use": "Ask visitors what teams and leagues should do." } ], "testimonies": [ { "id": "BB-T01", "name": "Layshia Clarendon", "identity_context": "Basketball player and WNBA Social Justice Council lead at the time of the 2024 report", "experience_summary": "Clarendon describes race and gender as overlapping experiences for WNBA players, explaining why collective advocacy matters.", "exact_quote": "We’re a league of predominantly Black women who have been at the intersections of race and gender.", "quote_words": 17, "source_id": "BB-S05", "why_relevant": "Connects intersectionality with athletes’ own explanations, without treating one voice as representative of everyone.", "verification_status": "Exact words verified in official WNBA report, printed p21; a shortened contiguous sentence from a longer quotation." }, { "id": "BB-T02", "name": "Bilqis Abdul-Qaadir", "identity_context": "Muslim basketball player who wore a hijab", "experience_summary": "At a university event, Abdul-Qaadir recalled a childhood love of basketball, exclusion from overseas professional play under the former headgear rule, and campaigning for change.", "exact_quote": "I would watch my brother and sisters outside dribbling the basketball, and I wanted to do everything they did.", "quote_words": 19, "source_id": "BB-S06", "why_relevant": "Shows how an apparently general equipment rule affected religious participation; the quotation describes her motivation, not the exclusion itself.", "verification_status": "Exact quotation verified in the university’s own report of her February 2025 address; policy change separately corroborated by FIBA." }, { "id": "BB-T03", "name": "Jeremy Lin", "identity_context": "Asian American basketball player", "experience_summary": "Lin spoke after experiencing racist abuse.", "exact_quote": "Being an Asian American doesn’t mean we don’t experience poverty and racism.", "quote_words": 12, "source_id": "BB-S11", "why_relevant": "Challenges erasure of anti-Asian racism.", "verification_status": "Exact statement verified in NBA.com News Services article, which links Lin’s own Facebook statement. Direct Facebook access was unavailable." } ], "videos": [ { "id": "BB-V01", "title": "In Conversation Layshia Clarendon and Glennon Doyle", "speaker": "Layshia Clarendon", "official_publisher": "New York Liberty verified YouTube channel", "url": "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bFbQeGXYboY", "source_id": "BB-S13", "supporting_source_ids": [ "BB-S09" ], "date": "2020-06-25", "duration_if_verified": null, "what_it_covers": "Clarendon discusses Black, queer and gender non-conforming identity in sport and society.", "verification_status": "Official team page and verified-channel metadata matched. Full audiovisual content and live playback not reviewed; no invented transcript or timestamps.", "captions_status": "Not verified; inspect before publication and provide an accessible summary.", "timestamp_if_verified": null, "rights_note": "Link or use an authorised platform embed; do not download, edit or re-upload without permission." }, { "id": "BB-V02", "title": "Social Justice Council Layshia Clarendon", "speaker": "Layshia Clarendon", "official_publisher": "WNBA", "url": "https://www.wnba.com/watch/video/social-justice-council-layshia-clarendon", "source_id": "BB-S10", "date": "2020-09-21", "duration_if_verified": null, "what_it_covers": "Player advocacy and the 2020 WNBA social justice season.", "verification_status": "Official video landing page verified. Playback and full speech not reviewed.", "captions_status": "Not verified.", "timestamp_if_verified": null, "rights_note": "Use official link; confirm embed terms and captions before launch." }, { "id": "BB-V03", "title": "In conversation with Bilqis Abdul-Qaadir", "speaker": "Bilqis Abdul-Qaadir", "official_publisher": "UNI Global Union World Players", "url": "https://uniglobalunion.org/about/sectors/world-players/7567-2/", "source_id": "BB-S08", "date": "2017 award context; upload date not verified", "duration_if_verified": null, "what_it_covers": "Her campaign against the former headgear ban and recognition with the Freedom from Fear award.", "verification_status": "Official union page names and presents the interview. Embedded playback not tested; retain as a supplementary source page.", "captions_status": "Not verified.", "timestamp_if_verified": null, "rights_note": "Link to official page; seek permission for extracted footage." } ], "themes": [ "Racism and anti-Asian racism", "Sexism and sexual harassment", "Homophobia and gender identity", "Religious inclusion and headgear", "Intersectionality", "Institutional and platform responsibility", "Broader online abuse distinguished from discrimination" ], "evidence_gaps": [ "2022 report internal inconsistency: summary/press release gives 648 men’s abusive posts and 74% racist or homophobic; detailed p24 gives 654 and 72%. Those conflicting numbers are excluded from fact cards.", "The union summary suggests four in five women’s messages were sexual or harassing; detailed p26 actually groups sexism, homophobia and sexual messages at 81%. Use the detailed combined category, never sexual harassment alone.", "NCAA release describes approximately three times more threats against women; original report describes almost three times the abuse. Use original report terminology and do not calculate a per-player risk.", "No representative global or youth-only basketball discrimination prevalence established here. No valid comparison of overall discrimination rates across sports.", "Video metadata is verified but not full playback, captions, transcript, duration or timestamp. Website launch still requires playback/accessibility and rights review.", "Jeremy Lin’s quotation is verified on the official NBA website, which links his own Facebook statement; direct Facebook retrieval was unavailable. The article includes supplementary AP reporting, not used here.", "Disability and antisemitism are not given basketball-specific prevalence estimates because no sufficiently robust official estimate was established in this research." ] } ], "crosscutting": { "sport": "Cross-cutting and audience", "scope_note": "Frameworks, reporting routes and audience research. Recommendations are project proposals, not measured outcomes.", "sources": [ { "id": "CS-S01", "title": "International Charter of Physical Education Physical Activity and Sport", "organisation": "UNESCO", "url": "https://www.unesco.org/en/legal-affairs/international-charter-physical-education-physical-activity-and-sport", "published_date": "2015-11-17", "source_type": "Intergovernmental declaration", "methodology": "Articles 1 and 9 provide a rights and safety framework; not a prevalence study.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S02", "title": "Ethical reporting guidelines", "organisation": "UNICEF", "url": "https://www.unicef.org/media/reporting-guidelines", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official child reporting guidance", "methodology": "Guidance on interviews, consent, privacy, dignity and avoiding harm; not empirical prevalence.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S03", "title": "Web Content Accessibility Guidelines WCAG 2.2", "organisation": "W3C", "url": "https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/", "published_date": "2024-12-12", "source_type": "Official technical standard", "methodology": "Use relevant criteria for captions, keyboard access, focus, contrast and accessible controls.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S04", "title": "Reporting concerns", "organisation": "NSPCC Child Protection in Sport Unit", "url": "https://thecpsu.org.uk/case-management-tool/reporting-concerns/", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official safeguarding guidance", "methodology": "Explains club and national safeguarding routes; application depends on sport and jurisdiction.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S05", "title": "Preventing bullying in sport", "organisation": "NSPCC Child Protection in Sport Unit", "url": "https://thecpsu.org.uk/help-advice/topics/preventing-bullying-in-sport/", "published_date": "2025-11-05", "source_type": "Official safeguarding guidance", "methodology": "Advice on responding, recording concerns and involving designated safeguarding leads.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S06", "title": "Children and Parents Media Use and Attitudes Report", "organisation": "Ofcom", "url": "https://www.ofcom.org.uk/siteassets/resources/documents/research-and-data/media-literacy-research/children/2026-children-and-parents-report/children-and-parents-media-use-and-attitudes-report-2025-6.pdf?v=418231", "published_date": "2026-05-21", "source_type": "Official regulator research", "methodology": "UK mixed online and face-to-face tracker; 3,426 children aged 8–17 overall and 5,008 parents. Modular question bases differ. Report pp9,24,34; overall sample is not the base for every percentage. Method changed, so no time-series claims.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S07", "title": "Reporting Discrimination in the Grassroots Game", "organisation": "The Football Association", "url": "https://www.thefa.com/inclusion-and-anti-discrimination/reporting-discrimination/grassroots-game", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official reporting route", "methodology": "English grassroots football route with named, anonymous and advice options.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S08", "title": "Reporting discrimination", "organisation": "England and Wales Cricket Board", "url": "https://www.ecb.co.uk/about/edi/report-discrimination", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official reporting route", "methodology": "Cricket Regulator route for England and Wales; under-16s asked to involve a parent or carer.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S09", "title": "Customer Guidance LTA Support and Complaint Handling", "organisation": "Lawn Tennis Association", "url": "https://www.lta.org.uk/about-us/governance-and-structure/policies/customer-guidance-lta-support-and-complaint-handling/", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official reporting guidance", "methodology": "Distinguishes safeguarding, misconduct and venue complaints; LTA covers Great Britain, Channel Islands and Isle of Man.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S10", "title": "Reporting a concern", "organisation": "England Athletics", "url": "https://www.englandathletics.org/welfare/reporting-a-concern/", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official reporting route", "methodology": "Club welfare contact, England Athletics serious welfare route and UK Athletics child/adult-at-risk safeguarding route.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S11", "title": "Report a Concern to Basketball England", "organisation": "Basketball England", "url": "https://basketballengland.co.uk/safeguarding/report-a-concern", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official reporting route", "methodology": "Separate options for a child seeking help, safeguarding concerns and discipline.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S12", "title": "Disciplinary process and expected behaviours", "organisation": "Basketball England", "url": "https://basketballengland.co.uk/about/discipline", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official disciplinary guidance", "methodology": "Serious discrimination concerns fall within the discipline framework.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" }, { "id": "CS-S13", "title": "Safeguarding", "organisation": "International Olympic Committee", "url": "https://www.olympics.com/ioc/safeguarding", "published_date": null, "source_type": "Official safeguarding guidance", "methodology": "International federation route; IOC reporting jurisdiction includes Olympic and Youth Olympic Games.", "accessed_date": "2026-11-08" } ], "facts": [ { "id": "CS-F01", "claim": "65% of social-media users aged 8–17 were classified as passive users.", "value": 65, "unit": "percent", "population": "UK 8–17-year-olds who use at least one social-media app or site", "geography": "United Kingdom", "period": "2026 report; tracker observation period not specified in the cited summary passage", "sample_denominator": "Overall child sample 3,426; exact question/subgroup base not specified in cited passage", "measurement_type": "Self-reported media behaviour or attitude; not sport discrimination prevalence", "source_ids": [ "CS-S06" ], "caveat": "Passive here means mainly liking/following or only reading/watching; not a judgement about engagement quality. Report p24.", "website_use": "Audience design background only; not evidence that the proposed website will achieve a particular result." }, { "id": "CS-F02", "claim": "60% of children aged 8–17 said all or most information on educational sites/apps was true.", "value": 60, "unit": "percent", "population": "UK children aged 8–17", "geography": "United Kingdom", "period": "2026 report; tracker observation period not specified in the cited summary passage", "sample_denominator": "Overall child sample 3,426; exact question/subgroup base not specified in cited passage", "measurement_type": "Self-reported media behaviour or attitude; not sport discrimination prevalence", "source_ids": [ "CS-S06" ], "caveat": "Perceived trust, not a fact check of educational websites. Report p34.", "website_use": "Audience design background only; not evidence that the proposed website will achieve a particular result." }, { "id": "CS-F03", "claim": "31% of children aged 8–17 said all or most information on social-media platforms was true.", "value": 31, "unit": "percent", "population": "UK children aged 8–17", "geography": "United Kingdom", "period": "2026 report; tracker observation period not specified in the cited summary passage", "sample_denominator": "Overall child sample 3,426; exact question/subgroup base not specified in cited passage", "measurement_type": "Self-reported media behaviour or attitude; not sport discrimination prevalence", "source_ids": [ "CS-S06" ], "caveat": "Perceived trust, not a measure of misinformation prevalence. Report p34.", "website_use": "Audience design background only; not evidence that the proposed website will achieve a particular result." } ], "testimonies": [], "videos": [], "themes": [ "inclusive access", "child voice", "accessible design", "safeguarding", "audience reach" ], "evidence_gaps": [ "No claim of global youth audience behaviour from UK research.", "No prediction of audience size or competition outcome." ] } }